ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell complex and retinal nerve fibre layer, are associated with AD, highlighting the potential usefulness of OCT measurements as biomarkers of AD. Previous studies have shown that retinal measurements of optical coherence tomography (OCT) e.g. As a result, retina and the optic nerve are affected by neurodegenerative changes in patients with AD. It is a developmental extension of the brain and is the only part of the central nervous system that can be imaged non-invasively at sub-cellular resolutions. The retina is considered to be part of the CNS, connected to the CNS through the optic nerve. In contrast, the retinal tissue and microvascular network can be imaged directly and may provide a unique window to study cerebral pathologic features, because the retinal and cerebral microvasculature share similar embryologic origins as well as anatomic and physiologic properties. Cerebral neuronal loss and small-vessel cerebrovascular changes, which are most strongly associated with cognitive impairments, are difficult to detect with existing brain imaging technologies. ĪD is characterized by a progressive, irreversible impairment of cognitive function due to apoptosis of nerve cells and brain atrophy. According to population-based estimates, one in three individuals born in developed countries will develop AD at some point during their life. However, prospective longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are needed to furtherly assess these associations.Īlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common subtype of dementia as well as the most common cause of dependence and disability. In our study, whole and parafoveal SVP vessel density were inversely associated with AD. An unmeasured confounder would need to be associated with a 2.26-, 2.56- and 3.82-fold increase in the risk of AD and OCTA retinal measurements, in order for the pooled SMD estimate of vessel density in whole SVP, parafoveal SVP and FAZ, respectively, to be nullified. The pooled SMD between the retinal vessel density of AD patients and healthy participants in the whole superficial vascular plexus (SVP), parafoveal SVP and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was −0.41 (95% CI: −0.69 to −0.13, p value = 0.01, I 2 = 15%, seven studies), −0.51 (95% CI: −0.84 to −0.18, p value = 0.01, I 2 = 40%, six studies), and 0.87 (95% CI: −0.03 to 1.76, p value = 0.05, I 2 = 91%, seven studies), respectively. Ten eligible studies for our systematic review were identified through our search strategy. In addition, we quantified the minimum strength on the risk ratio scale ( E value) required for an unmeasured confounder to nullify these associations. ![]() Estimates from eligible studies were meta-analysed and pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) between AD patients and healthy participants with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated, using the Hartung–Knapp/Sidik–Jonkman random-effects method. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception up to October 28th, 2020 for studies assessing the association between OCTA retinal measurements and AD. Offers clear visual guidance on image patterns with multiple arrows and labels throughout to highlight key details of each disease.Įnhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access bonus images plus all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.To assess the association between optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) retinal measurements and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Includes five new chapters covering optic nerve disease with retinal findings, pachychoroid diseases, paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM), auto-immune retinopathies, and primary uveal lymphoma. Provides quick answers with bulleted, templated chapters, each focused on one specific diagnosis or group of diagnoses with a particular OCT appearance.ĭemonstrates how the full spectrum of diseases presents through approximately 400 illustrations, including the highest-quality spectral-domain OCT images available and more than 50 new OCTA images. ![]() Helps all health professionals with an interest in OCT to better and more quickly interpret OCT imaging, offering quick, highly visual guidance for evaluating age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and much more. Arguably the most important ancillary test available to ophthalmologists worldwide, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the field, and now includes angiographic evaluations (OCTA) that provide vascular flow data without eye injection. Handbook of Retinal OCT is an easy-to-use, high-yield guide to both OCT and OCTA imaging for practitioners at any stage of their career. Highly templated, concise, and portable, this revised edition helps you master the latest imaging methods used to evaluate retinal disease, uveitis, and optic nerve disorders.
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